In order to do these things, the autonomous person must have a sense of self-worth and self-respect. Heteronomy alien rule is the cultural and spiritual condition when traditional norms and values become rigid, external demands threatening to destroy individual freedom. They accept that all rules are made by some authority figure e. Between the ages of 2 and 5, many children start to show morally-based behaviors and beliefs.
Kohlberg identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each level has two sub-stages. People at this stage develop their own set of moral guidelines that may or not fit into the law. According to Kohlberg, most people will reach the highest stage of moral development. Evaluate the possible actions corresponding to your feelings and identify the possible consequences. This will help you assess if the actions or consequence are positive or negative.
The task of moral education is support the moral development, that is, to provide the base to enable the person to make self-determined, moral choices that are purely voluntary choices. A consideration of the well-being of others beyond self-interest and self-centredness. The way they feel toward peers, teachers, staff and leaders at school will affect their moral life.
Teacher-student connections help students develop cognitive, social, emotional and moral skills. Moral education may be defined as helping children and young people to acquire a set of beliefs and values regarding what is right and wrong. Yet the concept is important, since it is plausible to hold that only agents acting autonomously are responsible for their actions. But if only the autonomous can be held responsible it will quickly follow that nobody is responsible for bad actions.
Proposals for defending the concept include describing agents as autonomous when they are under the influence only of reason, when they can identify with the motivations prompting their action, or when they are capable of acting so as to change their motivations if they cannot identify with them. Agents are heteronomous if their will is under the control of another. It should be noted that the pair is not exhaustive: an agent may fail to be autonomous because of external factors that do not include control by another, but only other kinds of constraint and compulsion.
In the ethics of Kant the terms are more specific. Autonomy is the ability to know what morality requires of us, and functions not as freedom to pursue our ends, but as the power of an agent to act on objective and universally valid rules of conduct, certified by reason alone. Heteronomy is the condition of acting on desires, which are not legislated by reason. The centrality of autonomy is challenged by ethical theorists, including many feminists, who see it as a fantasy that masks the social and personal springs of all thought and action.
See also authenticity, determinism, free will, libertarianism metaphysical. View all related items in Oxford Reference ». All Rights Reserved. This does not only apply to children, but also to adults. That explains why many people and societies are even able to act against themselves because of certain rules. In heteronomy, intention is not analyzed. The only thing reviewed is the result of the behavior, not the motivation behind it.
Piaget asked a group of children to judge two actions: in one, a child spilled ink on a tablecloth, unintentionally, but the stain was huge. In the other, a child intentionally spilled a drop of ink. When asked who had the worst behavior, the children replied that it was the child with the biggest stain.
One of the main characteristics of heteronomy is rigidity. No intentions, no contexts, no reasons are evaluated. The only thing we see is to what extent a norm was followed. This is what many adults do when facing infidelity, failure to meet a goal or any transgressive behavior.
In autonomy, on the other hand, intention is a decisive factor. So is justice. If a behavior goes against the rules, but promotes justice, it is valid. There is a high regard for morality as a means for equality, cooperation, and respect for others.
0コメント